User:He!ko/Editing

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What it looks like

You can italicize text by putting 2 apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will embolden the text.

5 apostrophes will embolden and italicize the text.

(4 apostrophes don't do anything special -- there's just 'one left over'.)

What you type
You can ''italicize text'' by putting 2
apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will embolden '''the text'''.

5 apostrophes will embolden and italicize
'''''the text'''''.

(4 apostrophes don't do anything
special -- there's just ''''one left
over''''.)

What it looks like

You should "sign" your comments on talk pages:

  • Three tildes give your user name: Example (talk)
  • Four tildes give your user name plus date/time: Example (talk) 07:46, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
  • Five tildes give the date/time alone: 07:46, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
What you type
You should "sign" your comments
on talk pages:
* Three tildes give your user
name: ~~~
* Four tildes give your user
name plus date/time: ~~~~
* Five tildes give the
date/time alone: ~~~~~

What it looks like

Section headings

Headings organize your writing into sections. The Wiki software can automatically generate a table of contents from them.

Subsection

Using more equals signs creates a subsection.

A smaller subsection

Don't skip levels, like from two to four equals signs.

Start with 2 equals signs not 1 because 1 creates H1 tags which should be reserved for page title.

What you type
== Section headings ==

''Headings'' organize your writing into sections.
The Wiki software can automatically generate
a table of contents from them.

=== Subsection ===

Using more equals signs creates a subsection.

==== A smaller subsection ====
Don't skip levels,
like from two to four equals signs.

Start with 2 equals signs not 1
because 1 creates H1 tags
which should be reserved for page title.

What it looks like

  • Unordered lists are easy to do:
    • Start every line with a star.
      • More stars indicate a deeper level.
    Previous item continues.
    • A new line
  • in a list

marks the end of the list.

  • Of course you can start again.
What you type
* ''Unordered lists'' are easy to do:
** Start every line with a star.
*** More stars indicate a deeper level.
*: Previous item continues.
** A new line
* in a list
marks the end of the list.
* Of course you can start again.

What it looks like

  1. Numbered lists are:
    1. Very organized
    2. Easy to follow

A new line marks the end of the list.

  1. New numbering starts with 1.
What you type
# ''Numbered lists'' are:
## Very organized
## Easy to follow
A new line marks the end of the list.
# New numbering starts with 1.

What it looks like

A colon (:) indents a line or paragraph.

A newline starts a new paragraph.
Often used for discussion on talk pages.

We use 1 colon to indent once.
We use 2 colons to indent twice.
3 colons to indent 3 times, and so on.
What you type
: A colon (:) indents a line or paragraph.
A newline starts a new paragraph. <br>
Often used for discussion on talk pages.
: We use 1 colon to indent once.
:: We use 2 colons to indent twice.
::: 3 colons to indent 3 times, and so on.


What it looks like

Here's a link to the Main page.

But be careful - capitalization counts!

What you type
Here's a link to the [[Main page]].

What it looks like

Intentionally permanent red link is a page that doesn't exist yet. You could create it by clicking on the link.

What you type
[[Intentionally permanent red link]] is
a page that doesn't exist
yet. You could create it by
clicking on the link.

What it looks like

You can link to a page section by its title:

If multiple sections have the same title, add a number. #Example section 3 goes to the third section named "Example section".

What you type

You can link to a page section by its title:

* [[List of cities by country#Morocco]].

If multiple sections have the same title, add
a number. [[#Example section 3]] goes to the
third section named "Example section".




Organizing your writing — sections, paragraphs, lists and lines

What it looks like

What it looks like

Sections and subsections

Start sections with header lines

Note: Single equal signs give the highest level heading, like the page title; usually projects have the convention not to use them.


New section

Subsection

Sub-subsection

  • Start with a second-level heading (==); don't use first-level headings (=).
  • Don't skip levels (for example, second-level followed by fourth-level).
  • A table of contents will automatically be added to an article that has four or more sections.
  • If appropriate, place subsections in order. If listing countries, for example, place them in alphabetical order rather than, say, relative to population of OECD countries, or some random order.
  • If you want to keep headings out of the TOC you have to use HTML heading tags and close them without using a slash e.g. <h4>heading too low level to be in the TOC of large page<h4>.
What you type

== New section ==

=== Subsection ===

==== Sub-subsection ====

What it looks like

Newline

A single newline has no effect on the layout.

But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or indented part. (<p> disables this paragraphing until </p> or the end of the section)

(In Cologne Blue, two newlines and a div tag give just one newline; in the order newline, div tag, newline, the result is two newlines.)

A semicolon at the start of a line is not rendered, but has the effect of rendering the newline. A colon in such a line is not rendered, but has the effect of starting a new, indented line, see definition list.

You can make the wikitext more readable by putting in newlines. You might find this causes future problems—see w:Wikipedia:Don't use line breaks for details.

  • When used in a list, a newline does affect the layout (See Help:List).
What you type

A single
newline
has no
effect on the
layout.

But an empty line
starts a new paragraph.

What it looks like

You can break lines

without starting a new paragraph.

(The HTML tag <br /> is sufficient. The system produces the XHTML code <br />.)

  • Please use this sparingly.
  • Close markup between lines; do not start a link or italics or bold on one line and close it on the next.
What you type
You can break lines<br />
without starting a new paragraph.

What it looks like

  • Unordered Lists are easy to do:
    • start every line with a star,
      • more stars means deeper levels.
  • A newline
  • in a list

marks the end of the list.

  • Of course,
  • you can
  • start again.
What you type
* Unordered Lists are easy to do:
** start every line with a star,
*** more stars means deeper levels.
* A newline
* in a list
marks the end of the list.
* Of course,
* you can
* start again.

What it looks like

  1. Numbered lists are also good
    1. very organized
    2. easy to follow
  2. A newline
  3. in a list

marks the end of the list.

  1. New numbering starts
  2. with 1.
What you type
# Numbered lists are also good
## very organized
## easy to follow
# A newline
# in a list
marks the end of the list.
# New numbering starts
# with 1.

What it looks like

  • You can even do mixed lists
    1. and nest them
      • or break lines
        in lists
What you type
* You can even do mixed lists
*# and nest them
*#* or break lines<br />in lists

What it looks like

Definition list

word 
definition of the word
longer phrase
phrase defined
What you type
; word : definition of the word
; longer phrase
: phrase defined
  • One item per line; a newline can appear before the colon, but using a space before the colon improves parsing.

What it looks like

Indenting
A colon at the start of a line indents a paragraph.

A manual newline starts a new paragraph.

  • This is often used for discussion on talk pages.

In the case of a semicolon and some text in front of the colon, the first colon starts a new line (indented as before) even though it is in the wikitext not at the start of the line, see definition list.

What you type
: A colon indents a line or paragraph.
A manual newline starts a new paragraph.

What it looks like

When there is a need for separating a block of text

the blockquote command will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does.

This is useful for (as the name says) inserting blocks of quoted (and cited) text.

What you type
<blockquote>
The '''blockquote''' command will indent
both margins when needed instead of the
left margin only as the colon does.
</blockquote>

What it looks like

Centered text.
  • Please note the US-English spelling of "center".
What you type
<center>Centered text.</center>

What it looks like

A horizontal dividing line: this is above it...

...and this is below it.

If you don't use a section header, you don't get a TOC entry.

What you type
A horizontal dividing line:
this is above it...
----
...and this is below it.


Links, URLs

More information at Help:Link

Internal links

General notes:

  • Enclose the target name in double square brackets—"[[" and "]]".
  • First letter of target name is automatically capitalized.
  • Spaces are represented as underscores (but don't do underscores yourself).
  • Links to nonexistent pages are shown in red—Help:Starting a new page tells about creating the page.
  • When the mouse cursor "hovers" over the link, you see a "hover box" containing... hover over links below to see.


What it looks like

Basic

Sue is reading the official position (or Official positions).

What you type
Sue is reading the
[[official position]]
(or [[Official position]]s).

What it looks like

Basic + Text formatting

You can also italicize/etc. links: e.g., Wikipedia.

What you type
 ''[[Wikipedia]]''

What it looks like

Interwiki linking

A link to the page on another wiki (e.g. the same subject in another language)

What you type
* See [[m:Help:Interwiki linking]].
* [[:fr:Wikipédia:Aide]].

What it looks like

Section of page

If the section doesn't exist, the link goes to the top of the page. If there are multiple sections by the same name, link to specific ones by adding how many times that header has already appeared (e.g. if there are 3 sections entitled "Example header," and you wish to link to the third one, then use [[#Example section 3]]. For more info, see Help:Editing FAQ.

What you type
* [[List of cities by country#Morocco]]
* [[List of cities by country#Norway]]

What it looks like

Piped link

Use a pipe "|" to create a link label:

What you type
* [[Help:Link|About Links]]

What it looks like

"Blank" pipes hide:

After you save, the server automatically fills in the link label.

What you type
* Parentheses: [[kingdom (biology)|]].
* Colon: [[m:Requests for adminship|]].

What it looks like

Links to nonexistent pages

A red link (like this one) points to a page that doesn't exist yet.

  • You can create it by clicking on the link.
  • Have a look at how to start a page guide and the naming conventions page for your project.
What you type
A red link ([[like this one]]) points to a page
that doesn't exist yet.

What it looks like

Link to yourself

Please "sign" comments on talk pages:

Your user name: Example
Your user name plus timestamp: Example 08:10 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)
Five tildes give a timestamp: 17:55, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

The server will fill in the link after you save.

What you type
Please "sign" comments on talk pages:
: Your user name: ~~~
: Your user name plus timestamp: ~~~~
: Five tildes give a timestamp: ~~~~~

What it looks like

Redirects

One article title to another with this special link.

What you type
#REDIRECT [[United States]]

What it looks like

"Magic" links
What you type
ISBN 0123456789X
RFC 123

What it looks like

Media links

To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link.
Sound

What you type
[[media:Example.ogg|Sound]]

What it looks like

Category listing links (these appear at page bottom and list the page in the category)

To list a page in a category and have a link to the Category at page bottom.

What you type
[[Category:English documentation]]

What it looks like

Category non-listing links (these appear inline without listing the page in the category)

To link to a category without causing the page to be listed in the category, add a colon
Category:English documentation

What you type
[[:Category:English documentation]]

What it looks like

Dates

Use links for dates, so everyone can set their own display order. Use Special:Preferences to change your own date display setting.
July 20 1969 20 July 1969 and 1969-07-20

What you type
[[July 20]] [[1969]]
[[20 July]] [[1969]]
and [[1969]]-[[07-20]]

What it looks like

Special pages

"What links here" etc. can be linked as:
Special:Whatlinkshere/Help:Editing

What you type
[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Help:Editing]]

What it looks like

Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages

External link function is used for these as [[page]] will not work.
Open an old revision copy the url and paste it where you want it. http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotonotes&oldid=482030
Open a diff, copy and paste the url http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotonotes&diff=493810&oldid=482030
A specific page from edit history. To do this click the either the (older) or (earliest) button at least once and maneuver to the page you want to link to http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wikitext_examples&dir=prev&offset=20060813153343&limit=100&action=history

What you type
http://meta.wikimedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Fotonotes&oldid=482030
http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Fotonotes&diff=493810&oldid=482030
http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Help:Wikitext_examples&dir=prev&offset
=20060813153343&limit=100&action=history


External links

What it looks like

Nupedia, [1]

What you type
[http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia],
[http://www.nupedia.com]

What it looks like

Email Example, [2]

What you type
[mailto:email@example.com Email Example],
[mailto:email@example.com]

What it looks like

Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com.

  • In the URL all symbols must be among: A-Z a-z 0-9 ._\/~%- &#?!=()@ \x80-\xFF. If a URL contains a different character it should be converted; for example, ^ has to be written ^ (to be looked up in ASCII). A blank space can also be converted into an underscore.
What you type
Or just give the URL:
http://www.nupedia.com.


Text formatting—controlling how it looks

What it looks like

What it looks like

What you type

What you type

What it looks like

Emphasize (italics), strongly (bold), very strongly (bold italics). (These are double and triple apostrophes, not double quotes.)

Note: this can also be applied to links (e.g., Wikipedia). 


''Emphasize'', '''strongly''',
'''''very strongly'''''.

''[[Wikipedia]]''


What it looks like

You can also write italic and bold. This is useful in mathematical formulas where you need specific font styles rather than emphasis.

F = ma

(The difference between these two methods is not very important for graphical browsers, so most people ignore it). But it may make a big difference for the visually impaired ;-) 


You can also write <i>italic</i> and <b>bold</b>.
This is useful in mathematical formulas where you
need specific font styles rather than emphasis.
: <b>F</b> = <i>m</i><b>a</b>


What it looks like

You can also write in small caps. If the wiki has the templates, this can Template:Bsmbe much simpler to writeTemplate:Esm. 


You can also write
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">
in small caps</span>.
If the wiki has the templates, this can
{{bsm}}be much simpler to write{{esm}}.


What it looks like

A typewriter font, sometimes used for technical terms and computer code.

What you type
A typewriter font, sometimes used for
<tt>technical terms</tt> and <code>computer code</code>.
  • For semantic reasons, using <code> where applicable is preferable to using <tt>.


What it looks like

You can use small text for captions.

What you type
You can use <small>small text</small>
for captions.


What it looks like

You can strike out deleted material and underline new material.

You can also mark deleted material and inserted material using logical markup rather than visual markup.

  • When editing regular articles, just make your changes and do not mark them up in any special way.
  • When editing your own previous remarks in talk pages, it is sometimes appropriate to mark up deleted or inserted material. 
You can <strike>strike out deleted material</strike>
and <u>underline new material</u>.

You can also mark <del>deleted material</del> and
<ins>inserted material</ins> using logical markup
rather than visual markup.


What it looks like

Subscript: x2
Superscript: x2 or x²

Most browsers have an easier time formatting lines with &sup2; than with <sup>2</sup>

ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C² / J m.

1 hectare = 1 E4 m² 


Subscript: x<sub>2</sub>
Superscript: x<sup>2</sup> or x&sup2;

&epsilon;<sub>0</sub> =
8.85 &times; 10<sup>&minus;12</sup>
C&sup2; / J m.

1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E4 m&sup2]]

Disabling wikitext interpretation and/or reformatting

<nowiki> and <pre> tags can tell the server and the browser to display things as you typed them.

What it looks like

regular

  • interpret special characters
  • interpret special wiki markup
  • reformat text (remove single newlines and multiple spaces, perform automatic wrapping)
  • a double newline gives a new paragraph

arrow →

italics link

What you type
arrow      &rarr;

''italics''
[[link]]


What it looks like

<nowiki>

  • interpret special characters
  • don't interpret special wiki markup
  • reformat text
  • ignore even a double newline (no new paragraph); hence has to be applied separately for each paragraph

can be applied in-line: arrow → ''italics'' [[link]] normal again

What you type
''can be applied in-line:'' <nowiki>
arrow      &rarr;

''italics''
[[link]]
</nowiki>''[[normal]] again''



What it looks like

<pre>

  • interpret special characters
  • don't interpret special wiki markup
  • don't reformat text (no wrapping)
  • allows CSS for HTML element pre; the default skin gives a box
  • uses a fixed-width font, as specified in the browser settings 
arrow      →

''italics''
[[link]]
What you type
<pre>arrow      &rarr;

''italics''
[[link]]</pre>


What it looks like

leading space

  • interpret special characters
  • interpret special wiki markup
  • don't reformat text (no wrapping)
  • produces HTML element pre, therefore the font and CSS are the same as when using pre; the default skin gives a box
  • a blank line ends the element pre; if there are more lines with leading space after that, a new pre element starts (in the default skin: a new box) 
arrow      →

italics
link

</pre> 

IF a line of plain text starts with a space
 it will be formatted exactly
   as typed
 in a  font
 in a grey dotted-outline box
 lines won't wrap
ENDIF
this is useful for:
 * pasting preformatted text;
 * algorithm descriptions;
 * program source code
 * ASCII art;
 * chemical structures;

WARNING: If you make it wide, you force the whole page to be wide and hence less readable. Never start ordinary lines with spaces.

(see also below)
| 
 arrow      &rarr;

 ''italics''
 [[link]]
 IF a line of plain text starts with a space
  it will be formatted exactly
    as typed
  in a fixed-width font
  in a grey dotted-outline box
  lines won't wrap
 ENDIF
 this is useful for:
  * pasting preformatted text
  * algorithm descriptions
  * program source code
  * ASCII art
  * chemical structures
  * poetry



What it looks like

typewriter font

(does not work beyond the end of a paragraph):

arrow →

italics link

New paragraph.


What you type
<tt>arrow      &rarr;</tt>

<tt>''italics''</tt>
<tt>[[link]]

New paragraph.</tt>


What it looks like

Show special character codes

&rarr;

What you type
&amp;rarr;


What it looks like

Comments

The text between here and here won't be displayed

What you type
The text between '''here'''
<!-- comment here -->
'''and here''' won't be displayed



Special characters

What it looks like

Umlauts and accents: (See Help:Special characters)
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ñ ò ó ô œ õ ö ø ù ú û ü ÿ

À Á Â Ã Ä Å
Æ Ç È É Ê Ë
Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò
Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù
Ú Û Ü ß à á
â ã ä å æ ç
è é ê ë ì í
î ï ñ ò ó ô
œ õ ö ø ù ú
û ü ÿ

What you type

À Á Â Ã Ä Å
Æ Ç È É Ê Ë
Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò
Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù
Ú Û Ü ß à á
â ã ä å æ ç
è é ê ë ì í
î ï ñ ò ó ô
œ õ ö ø ù ú
û ü ÿ

&Agrave; &Aacute; &Acirc; &Atilde; &Auml; &Aring;
&AElig; &Ccedil; &Egrave; &Eacute; &Ecirc; &Euml;
&Igrave; &Iacute; &Icirc; &Iuml; &Ntilde; &Ograve;
&Oacute; &Ocirc; &Otilde; &Ouml; &Oslash; &Ugrave;
&Uacute; &Ucirc; &Uuml; &szlig; &agrave; &aacute;
&acirc; &atilde; &auml; &aring; &aelig; &ccedil;
&egrave; &eacute; &ecirc; &euml; &igrave; &iacute;
&icirc; &iuml; &ntilde; &ograve; &oacute; &ocirc;
&oelig; &otilde; &ouml; &oslash; &ugrave; &uacute;
&ucirc; &uuml; &yuml;

What it looks like

Punctuation:
¿ ¡ « » § ¶ † ‡ • - – —

¿ ¡ « » § ¶
† ‡ • - – —

What you type
¿ ¡ « » § ¶
† ‡ • - – —

&iquest; &iexcl; &laquo; &raquo; &sect; &para;
&dagger; &Dagger; &bull; - &ndash; &mdash;

What it looks like

Commercial symbols:
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤

™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤

What you type
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤

&trade; &copy; &reg; &cent; &euro; &yen; &pound; &curren;

What it looks like

|Greek characters:
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω

α β γ δ ε ζ
η θ ι κ λ μ ν
ξ ο π ρ σ ς
τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π
Σ Φ Ψ Ω 

α β γ δ ε ζ
η θ ι κ λ μ ν
ξ ο π ρ σ ς
τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π
Σ Φ Ψ Ω

&alpha; &beta; &gamma; &delta; &epsilon; &zeta;
&eta; &theta; &iota; &kappa; &lambda; &mu; &nu;
&xi; &omicron; &pi; &rho; &sigma; &sigmaf;
&tau; &upsilon; &phi; &chi; &psi; &omega;
&Gamma; &Delta; &Theta; &Lambda; &Xi; &Pi;
&Sigma; &Phi; &Psi; &Omega;

What it looks like

Math characters:
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ ≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × · ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ ø ∈ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑

∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞
≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥
× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ø
∈ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔
→ ↔ ↑

Problem symbols:

ℵ ∉

ℵ ∉

What you type
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞
≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥
× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ø
∈ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔
→ ↔ ↑

&int; &sum; &prod; &radic; &minus; &plusmn; &infin;
&asymp; &prop; &equiv; &ne; &le; &ge;
&times; &middot; &divide; &part; &prime; &Prime;
&nabla; &permil; &deg; &there4; &oslash;
&isin; &cap; &cup; &sub; &sup; &sube; &supe;
&not; &and; &or; &exist; &forall; &rArr; &hArr;
&rarr; &harr; &uarr;

Problem symbols:

ℵ ∉

&alefsym; &notin;
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