Revision as of 04:36, 16 September 2007 (view source) Jeanweber (Talk | contribs) (→‎Relational operators) ← Older edit		Revision as of 04:39, 16 September 2007 (view source) Jeanweber (Talk | contribs) (→‎Set operations) Newer edit →
Line 118:		Line 118:
	== Set operations ==		== Set operations ==
−	{|	+	{| border="1"
−	| ||'''''Operation'''''||'''''Command'''''||'''''Display'''''||	+	||'''''Operation'''''||'''''Command'''''||'''''Display'''''||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Is in||a in B||inline:Object91.png||	+	||Is in||a in B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Is not in||a notin B||inline:Object92.png||	+	||Is not in||a notin B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Owns||A owns b||inline:Object93.png||	+	||Owns||A owns b||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Empty set||emptyset||inline:Object94.png||	+	||Empty set||emptyset||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Intersection||A intersection B||inline:Object95.png||	+	||Intersection||A intersection B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Union||A union B||inline:Object96.png||	+	||Union||A union B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Difference||A setminus B||inline:Object97.png||	+	||Difference||A setminus B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Quotient||A slash B||inline:Object98.png||	+	||Quotient||A slash B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Aleph||aleph||inline:Object99.png||	+	||Aleph||aleph||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Subset||A subset B||inline:Object100.png||	+	||Subset||A subset B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Subset or equal to||A subseteq B||inline:Object101.png||	+	||Subset or equal to||A subseteq B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Superset||A supset B||inline:Object102.png||	+	||Superset||A supset B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Superset or equal to||A supseteq B||inline:Object103.png||	+	||Superset or equal to||A supseteq B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Not subset||A nsubset B||inline:Object104.png||	+	||Not subset||A nsubset B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Not subset or equal||A nsubseteq B||inline:Object105.png||	+	||Not subset or equal||A nsubseteq B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Not superset||A nsupset B||inline:Object106.png||	+	||Not superset||A nsupset B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Not superset or equal||A nsupseteq B||inline:Object107.png||	+	||Not superset or equal||A nsupseteq B||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Set of natural numbers||setN||inline:Object108.png||	+	||Set of natural numbers||setN||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Set of integers||setZ||inline:Object109.png||	+	||Set of integers||setZ||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Set of rational numbers||setQ||inline:Object110.png||	+	||Set of rational numbers||setQ||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Set of real numbers||setR||inline:Object112.png||	+	||Set of real numbers||setR||
	|-		|-
−	| ||Set of complex numbers||setC||inline:Object113.png||	+	||Set of complex numbers||setC||
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
Line 170:		Line 170:
	:		:
−
	== Functions ==		== Functions ==

---

Revision as of 04:39, 16 September 2007

This page was created by converting ODT to Mediawiki using Writer2MediaWiki. The page needs cleaning up, and figures added.

This is Chapter 16 of the OpenOffice.org 2.x Writer Guide (Third edition), produced by the OOoAuthors group. A PDF of this chapter is available from the OOoAuthors Guides page at OpenOffice.org.

<< User Manuals page
<< Writer Guide Table of Contents
<< Chapter 15 Using Forms in Writer   |    Appendix A Keyboard Shortcuts >>

Introduction

OpenOffice.org (OOo) has a component for mathematical equations. It is most commonly used as an equation editor for text documents, but it can also be used with other types of documents or stand-alone. When used inside Writer, the equation is treated as an object inside the text document.

(1)

Getting started

To insert an equation, go to Insert > Object > Formula.

The equation editor opens at the bottom of the screen, and the floating Elements window (called “Selection” before Math 3.2 and “Formula Elements” in Math 3.2) may appear. You will also see a small box (with a gray border) in your document, where the formula will be displayed.

The equation editor uses a markup language to represent formulas. For example, %beta creates the Greek character beta (β). This markup is designed to read similar to English whenever possible. For example, a over b produces a fraction:

To insert a numbered formula in Writer, type fn then press the  F3  key.

Additional References

For very basic step-by-step instructions and tutorials for specific tasks, see http://plan-b-for-openoffice.org/math/index

The equation editor uses a markup language to represent formulas. For example, %beta creates the Greek character beta (). This markup is designed to read similar to English whenever possible. For example, a over b produces a fraction: .

You can enter a formula in three ways:

• Select a symbol from the Elements window.
• Right-click on the equation editor and select the symbol from the context menu.
• Type markup in the equation editor.

The context menu and the Elements window insert the markup corresponding to a symbol. Incidentally, this provides a convenient way to learn the OOoMath markup.

The Elements window

The simplest method for entering a formula is the Elements window, shown below.

The Elements window is divided into two main portions.

• The top shows the symbol categories. Click on these to change the list of symbols.
• The bottom shows the symbols available in the current category.

Example 1: 5 × 4

For this example we will enter a simple formula: 5 × 4

On the Elements window:

1. Select the top-left button of the categories (top) section.
2. Click on the multiplication symbol.

Unary/binary operators.

When you select the multiplication symbol on the Elements window, two things happen:

• The equation editor shows the markup: <?> times <?>
• The body of the document shows a gray box with the figure:

The <?> symbols are placeholders that you can replace by other text. The equation will update automatically, and the result should resemble the figure below.

Result of entering "5" and "4" next to the "times" operator.

Right-click menu

Another way to access mathematical symbols is to right-click on the equation editor. This produces a menu as shown in the figure below.

Markup

You can type the markup directly in the equation editor. For example, you can type “5 times 4" to obtain . If you know the markup, this can be the fastest way to enter a formula.

Below is a short list of common equations and their corresponding markup.

Display	Command	Display	Command
a=b	a = b	√a	sqrt {a}
a2	a^2	an	a_n
∫ f(x)dx	int f(x) dx	∑ an	sum a_n
a≤b	a <= b	∞	infinity
a×b	a times b	x·y	x cdot y

Greek characters

Greek characters (α, β, γ, θ, etc.) are common in mathematical formulas. These characters are not available in the Elements window or the right-click menu. Fortunately, the markup for Greek characters is simple: Type a % sign followed the name of the character, in English.

• To type a lowercase character, write the name of the character in lowercase.
• To type an uppercase character, write the name of the character in uppercase.

See the table below for some examples.

Lowercase	Uppercase
%alpha α	%ALPHA Α
%beta β	%BETA Β
%gamma γ	%GAMMA Γ
%psi ψ	%PSI Ψ
%phi φ	%PHI Φ
%theta θ	%THETA Θ

Another way to enter Greek characters is by using the catalog window. Go to Tools > Catalog. The catalog window is shown below. Under “Symbol Set" select “Greek" and double-click on a Greek letter from the list. The markup name of the character is shown below the list window.

Example 2: π 3.14159

For this example we will suppose that:

• We want to enter the above formula (the value of pi rounded to 5 decimal places).
• We know the name of the Greek character ("pi").
• But we do not know the markup associated with the symbol.

Step 1: Type % followed by the text pi. This displays the Greek character π.

Step 2: Open the Elements window (View > Elements).

Step 3: The symbol is a relation, so we click on the relations button . If you hover the mouse over this button you see the tooltip "Relations".

Tooltip indicates the "Relations" button.

After selecting "Relations".

Step 4: Click on the symbol. The equation editor now shows the markup %pi<?> simeq <?>.

Step 5: Delete the <?> text and add 3.14159 at the end of the equation. Hence we end up with the markup %pi simeq 3.14159. The result is shown below.

Formula editor as a floating window

As seen in Figure 1, the formula editor can cover a large part of the Writer window. To turn the formula editor into a floating window, do this:

1. Hover the mouse over the editor frame, as shown below.
2. Hold down the Control key and double-click.

Hold down the Control key and double-click on the border of the math editor to turn it into a floating window.

The figure below shows the result. You can make the floating window back into an embedded frame, using the same steps. Hold down the Control key and double-click the window frame.

How can I make a formula bigger?

This is one of the most common questions people ask about OOoMath. The answer is simple, but not intuitive:

1. Start the formula editor and go to Format > Font size.


Changing font size for a formula.
2. Select a larger font size under “Base Size" (top-most entry), as shown below.


Edit Base Size

Edit "Base size" (top) to make a formula bigger.

The result of this change is illustrated below.

Result of changing the base font size.

The most difficult part of using OOo Math comes when writing complicated formulas. This section provides some advice.

Brackets are your friends

OOo Math knows nothing about order of operation. You must use brackets to state the order of operations explicitly. Consider the following example:

Markup	Result
2 over x + 1
2 over {x + 1}

Equations over more than one line

Suppose you want to type an equation covering more than one line. For example:

Your first reaction would be to simply press the Enter key. However, if you press the Enter key, though the markup goes to a new line, the resulting equation does not. You must type the newline command explicitly. This is illustrated in the table below.

Markup	Result
x = 3 y = 1
x = 3 newline y = 1

---

See Also

• How do I Align my Equations at the Equality Sign?

How do I add limits to my sum/integral?

The “sum" and “int" commands can (optionally) take in the parameters “from" and “to". These are used for lower and upper limits respectively. These parameters can be used singly or together. Limits for integrals are usually treated as subscripts and superscripts.

Markup	Result
sum from k = 1 to n a_k
int from 0 to x f(t) dt or int_0^x f(t) dt	or
int from Re f
sum to infinity 2^{-n}

Brackets with matrices look ugly!

For background, we start with an overview of the matrix command:

Markup	Result
matrix { a # b ## c # d }

The first problem people have with matrices is that brackets do not “scale" with the matrix:

Markup	Result
( matrix { a # b ## c # d } )	()

OOoMath provides “scalable" brackets. That is, the brackets grow in size to match the size of their contents. Use the commands left( and right) to make scalable brackets.

Markup	Result
left( matrix { a # b ## c # d } right)

How do I make a derivative?

Making derivatives essentially comes down to one trick: Tell OOo it's a fraction.

In other words, you have to use the over command. Combine this with either the letter “d" (for a total derivative) or the partial command (for a partial derivative) to achieve the effect of a derivative.

Markup	Result
{df} over {dx}
{partial f} over {partial y}
{partial^2 f} over {partial t^2}

Numbering equations

Equation numbering is one of OOoMath's best hidden features. The steps are simple, but obscure:

1. Start a new line.
2. Type “fn" and then press F3.

The “fn" is replaced by a numbered formula:

(2)

Now you can double-click on the formula to edit it. For example, here is the Riemann Zeta function:

(3)

You can reference an equation (“as shown in Equation (2)") with these steps:

1. Insert > Cross-reference..
2. Click on the References tab (Figure 15).
3. Under Type, select Text.
4. Under Selection, pick the equation number.
5. Under Format, choose Reference.
6. Click Insert.

Done! If you later add more equations to the paper before the referenced equation, all the equations will automatically renumber and the cross-references will update.

Math commands - Reference

Unary / binary operators

Operation	Command	Display
+sign	+1	+1
-sign	-1	−1
+/- sign	+-1	±1
-/+ sign	-+1	inline:Object42.png
Boolean not	neg a	¬a
Addition +	a + b	a+b
Multiplication dot	a cdot b	a·b
Multiplication (X)	a times b	a×b
Multiplication (*)	a * b	inline:Object47.png
Boolean and	a and b	a∧b
Subtraction (-)	a - b	a−b
Division (fraction)	a over b	inline:Object294.png
Division (operand)	a div b	a÷b
Division (slash)	a / b	a/b
Boolean or	a or b	a∨b
Concatenate	a circ b	inline:Object298.png

Relational operators

Operation	Command	Display
Is equal	a = b	a=b
Is not equal	a <> b	a≠b
Approximately	a approx 2	a≈b
Divides	a divides b
Does not divide	a ndivides b
Less than	a < 2	a<b
Greater than	a > 2	a>b
Similar to or equal	a simeq b
Parallel	a parallel b
Orthogonal to	a ortho b
Less than or equal to	a leslant b
Greater than or equal to	a geslant b
Similar to	a sim b
Congruent	a equiv b	a≡b
Less than or equal to	a <= b	a≤b
Greater than or equal to	a >= b	a≥b
Proportional	a prop b
Toward	a toward b	a→b
Arrow left	a dlarrow b	a⇐b
Double arrow left and right	a dlrarrow b	a⇔b
Arrow right	a drarrow b	a⇒b

Set operations

Operation	Command	Display
Is in	a in B
Is not in	a notin B
Owns	A owns b
Empty set	emptyset
Intersection	A intersection B
Union	A union B
Difference	A setminus B
Quotient	A slash B
Aleph	aleph
Subset	A subset B
Subset or equal to	A subseteq B
Superset	A supset B
Superset or equal to	A supseteq B
Not subset	A nsubset B
Not subset or equal	A nsubseteq B
Not superset	A nsupset B
Not superset or equal	A nsupseteq B
Set of natural numbers	setN
Set of integers	setZ
Set of rational numbers	setQ
Set of real numbers	setR
Set of complex numbers	setC

Functions

	Operation	Command	Display
	Exponential	func e^{a}	inline:Object114.png
	Natural logarithm	ln(a)	inline:Object115.png
	Exponential function	exp(a)	inline:Object116.png
	Logarithm	log(a)	inline:Object117.png
	Power	a^{b}	inline:Object118.png
	Sine	sin(a)	inline:Object119.png
	Cosine	cos(a)	inline:Object120.png
	Tangent	tan(a)	inline:Object121.png
	Cotangent	cot(a)	inline:Object122.png
	Square root	sqrt{a}	inline:Object123.png
	Arcsine	arcsin(a)	inline:Object124.png
	Arc cosine	arccos(a)	inline:Object125.png
	Arctangent	arctan(a)	inline:Object126.png
	Arc cotangent	arccot(a)	inline:Object127.png
	nth root	nroot{a}{b}	inline:Object128.png
	Hyperbolic sine	sinh(a)	inline:Object129.png
	Hyperbolic cosine	cosh(a)	inline:Object130.png
	Hyperbolic tangent	tanh(a)	inline:Object131.png
	Hyperbolic cotangent	coth(a)	inline:Object132.png
	Absolute value	abs{a}	inline:Object133.png
	Arc hyperbolic sine	arsinh(a)	inline:Object134.png
	Arc hyperbolic cosine	arccosh(a)	inline:Object135.png
	Arc hyperbolic tangent	arctanh(a)	inline:Object136.png
	Arc hyperbolic cotangent	arccoth(a)	inline:Object137.png
	Factorial	fact{a}	inline:Object138.png

Operators

All operators can be used with the limit functions (“from" and “to").

	Operation	Command	Display
	Limit	lim{a}	inline:Object139.png
	Sum	sum{a}	inline:Object140.png
	Product	prod{a}	inline:Object141.png
	Coproduct	coprod{a}	inline:Object142.png
	Upper and lower bounds shown with integral	int from {r_0} to {r_t} a	inline:Object143.png
	Integral	int{a}	inline:Object144.png
	Double integral	iint{a}	inline:Object145.png
	Triple integral	iiint{a}	inline:Object146.png
	Lower bound shown with summation symbol	sum from{3}b	inline:Object147.png
	Contour integral	lint a	inline:Object148.png
	Double curved integral	llint a	inline:Object149.png
	Triple curved integral	lllint a	inline:Object150.png
	Upper bound shown with product symbol	prod to{3} r	inline:Object151.png

Attributes

	Operation	Command	Display
	Acute accent	acute a	inline:Object111.png
	Grave accent	grave a	inline:Object152.png
	Reverse circumflex	check a	inline:Object153.png
	Breve	breve a	inline:Object154.png
	Circle	circle a	inline:Object155.png
	Vector arrow	vec a	inline:Object156.png
	Tilde	tilde a	inline:Object157.png
	Circumflex	hat a	inline:Object158.png
	Line above	bar a	inline:Object159.png
	Dot	dot a	inline:Object160.png
	Wide vector arrow	widevec abc	inline:Object161.png
	Wide tilde	widetilde abc	inline:Object162.png
	Wide circumflex	widehat abc	inline:Object163.png
	Double dot	ddot a	inline:Object164.png
	Line over	overline abc	inline:Object165.png
	Line under	underline abc	inline:Object166.png
	Line through	overstrike abc	inline:Object167.png
	Triple dot	dddot a	inline:Object168.png
	Transparent (useful to get a placeholder of a given size)	phantom a	inline:Object169.png
	Bold font	bold a	inline:Object170.png
	Italic fontFootNote(Unquoted text that is not a command is considered to be a variable. Variables are, by default, italicized.)	ital “a"	inline:Object171.png
	Resize font	size 16 qv	inline:Object172.png
	Following item in sans serif fontFootNote(There are three custom fonts: sans serif (without kicks), serifs (with kicks), and fixed (non-proportional). To change the actual fonts used for custom fonts and the fonts used for variables (unquoted text), numbers and functions, use Format > Fonts.)	font sans qv	inline:Object173.png
	Following item in serif font	font serif qv	inline:Object174.png
	Following item in fixed font	font fixed qv	inline:Object175.png
	Make color of following text cyanFootNote(For all coloring, the color will apply only to the text immediately following the command until the next space is encountered. In order to have the color apply to more characters, place the text you want in color in curly brackets.)	color cyan qv	inline:Object176.png
	Make color of following text yellow	color yellow qv	inline:Object177.png
	Make color of following text white	color white qv	inline:Object178.png
	Make color of following text green	color green qv	inline:Object179.png
	Make color of following text blue	color blue qv	inline:Object180.png
	Make color of following text red	color red qv	inline:Object181.png
	Make color green returns to default color black	color green X qv	inline:Object182.png
	Brace items to change color of more than one item	color green {X qv}	inline:Object207.png

Miscellaneous

	Operation	Command	Display
	Infinity	infinity	inline:Object48.png
	Partial	partial	inline:Object49.png
	Nabla	nabla	inline:Object50.png
	There exists	exists	inline:Object54.png
	For all	forall	inline:Object55.png
	H bar	hbar	inline:Object56.png
	Lambda bar	lambdabar	inline:Object60.png
	Real part	re	inline:Object61.png
	Imaginary part	im	inline:Object62.png
	Weierstrass p	wp	inline:Object63.png
	Left arrow	leftarrow	inline:Object64.png
	Right arrow	rightarrow	inline:Object183.png
	Up arrow	uparrow	inline:Object184.png
	Down arrow	downarrow	inline:Object185.png
	Dots at bottom	dotslow	inline:Object186.png
	Dots at middle	dotsaxis	inline:Object187.png
	Dots vertical	dotsvert	inline:Object188.png
	Dots diagonal upward	dotsup	inline:Object189.png
	Dots diagonal downward	dotsdown	inline:Object190.png

Brackets

	Operation	Command	Display
	Round Brackets	(a)	inline:Object191.png
	Square Brackets	[b]	inline:Object192.png
	Double Square Brackets	ldbracket c rdbracket	inline:Object193.png
	Single line	lline a rline	inline:Object194.png
	Double line	ldline a rdline	inline:Object195.png
	Braces	lbrace w rbrace	inline:Object196.png
	Angle Brackets	langle d rangle	inline:Object197.png
	Operator Brackets	langle a mline b rangle	inline:Object198.png
	Group brackets (used for program control)	{a}	inline:Object199.png
	Scalable round brackets (add the word “left before a left bracket and “right" before a right bracket)	left ( stack{a # b # z} right )	inline:Object200.png
	Square brackets scalable (as above)	left [ stack{ x # y} right ]	inline:Object201.png
	Double square brackets scalable	left ldbracket c right rdbracket	inline:Object202.png
	Line scalable	left lline a right rline	inline:Object203.png
	Double line scalable	left ldline d right rdline	inline:Object204.png
	Brace scalable	left lbrace e right rbrace	inline:Object205.png
	Angle bracket scalable	left langle f right rangle	inline:Object206.png
	Operator brackets scalable	left langle g mline h right rangle	inline:Object208.png
	Over brace scalable	{The brace is above} overbrace a	inline:Object209.png
	Under brace scalable	{the brace is below}underbrace {f}	inline:Object210.png

Formats

	Operation	Command	Display
	Left superscript	a lsup{b}	inline:Object65.png
	Center superscript	a csup{b}	inline:Object66.png
	Right superscript	a^{b}	inline:Object67.png
	Left subscript	a lsub{b}	inline:Object211.png
	Center subscript	a csub{b}	inline:Object212.png
	Right subscript	a_{b}	inline:Object213.png
	Align character to left (text is aligned center by default)	stack { Hello world # alignl (a) }	inline:Object220.png
	Align character to center	stack{Hello world # alignc(a)}	inline:Object221.png
	Align character to right	stack { Hello world # alignr(a)}	inline:Object222.png
	Vertical stack of 2	binom{a}{b}	inline:Object223.png
	Vertical stack, more than 2	stack{a # b # z}	inline:Object224.png
	Matrix stack	matrix{a # b ## c # d}	inline:Object225.png
	Common mathematical arrangement	matrix{a # "="b ## {} # "="c}	inline:Object226.png
	New line	asldkfjo newline sadkfj	inline:Object227.png
	Small gap (grave)	stuff `stuff	inline:Object228.png
	Large gap (tilde)	stuff~stuff	inline:Object229.png

Characters – Greek

	%ALPHA	inline:Object68.png	%BETA	inline:Object214.png	%CHI	inline:Object215.png	%DELTA	inline:Object216.png	%EPSILON	inline:Object230.png
	%ETA	inline:Object231.png	%GAMMA	inline:Object232.png	%IOTA	inline:Object233.png	%KAPPA	inline:Object234.png	%LAMBDA	inline:Object235.png
	%MU	inline:Object236.png	%NU	inline:Object237.png	%OMEGA	inline:Object238.png	%OMICRON	inline:Object239.png	%PHI	inline:Object240.png
	%PI	inline:Object241.png	%PSI	inline:Object242.png	%RHO	inline:Object243.png	%SIGMA	inline:Object244.png	%THETA	inline:Object245.png
	%UPSILON	inline:Object246.png	%XI	inline:Object247.png	%ZETA	inline:Object248.png
	%alpha	inline:Object249.png	%beta	inline:Object250.png	%chi	inline:Object251.png	%delta	inline:Object252.png	%epsilon	inline:Object253.png
	%eta	inline:Object254.png	%gamma	inline:Object255.png	%iota	inline:Object256.png	%kappa	inline:Object257.png	%lambda	inline:Object258.png
	%mu	inline:Object259.png	%nu	inline:Object260.png	%omega	inline:Object261.png	%omicron	inline:Object262.png	%phi	inline:Object263.png
	%pi	inline:Object276.png	%rho	inline:Object284.png	%sigma	inline:Object285.png	%tau	inline:Object286.png	%theta	inline:Object287.png
	%upsilon	inline:Object288.png	%varepsilon	inline:Object289.png	%varphi	inline:Object290.png	%varpi	inline:Object291.png	%varrho	inline:Object299.png
	%varsigma	inline:Object300.png	%vartheta	inline:Object301.png	%xi	inline:Object302.png	%zeta	inline:Object303.png

Characters – Special

	%and inline:Object344.png	%angle inline:Object272.png	%element inline:Object273.png	%identical inline:Object274.png
	%infinite inline:Object275.png	%noelement inline:Object345.png	%notequal inline:Object346.png	%or inline:Object347.png
	%perthousand inline:Object348.png	%strictlygreaterthan inline:Object349.png	%strictlylessthan inline:Object350.png	%tendto inline:Object351.png